Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Summary -- 1. Background and objectives -- 1.1 Background and knowledge gaps -- 1.2 Objectives -- 2. Approach and methods -- 3. Nordic forests -- 3.1 Natural dynamics of Nordic forests -- 3.2 Past and present human impacts on Nordic forests -- 3.3 Ecological factors and variation in forest types -- 4. Main determinants of forest biodiversity -- 4.1 Intact forest ecosystems and critical properties for biodiversity -- 4.2 Forest types or habitats of particular conservation value -- 5. Forest carbon pools and fluxes -- 5.1 Definitions of ecosystem carbon accumulation -- 5.2 Methods for studying forest carbon accumulation -- 5.3 Driving factors of forest biomass growth -- 5.4 Driving factors of soil organic matter pools -- 5.5 The role of northern forests in the global carbon cycle -- 5.6 Effects of forest management on forest carbon sequestration -- 5.7 Old forests - carbon sources or carbon sinks? -- 6. Old forest conservation: relevance for biodiversity and climate change mitigation -- 6.1 Forest carbon stocks and sequestration -- 6.2 Forest biodiversity and the carbon cycle -- 6.3 Albedo and other biophysical climate impacts of forest management -- 6.4 Gaps in knowledge -- 6.5 Implications for forest policy and management -- References -- 7. Sammendrag -- 8. Yhteenveto -- 9. Appendix -- 9.1 Abbreviations and acronyms -- 9.2 Tree species and their scientific names.

Project manager Kari Austnes ; The current status of surface water acidification related to air pollution in Europe and North America has been assessed using country reports, monitoring data, critical loads and exceedance data, acid sensitivity and deposition maps, and data reported under the European Commission's Water Framework Directive (WFD). Acidification is still observed in many countries, but the extent and severity vary. Maps of acid sensitivity and deposition suggest that surface water acidification is present in regions and countries for which no data or reports were delivered for the current assessment. Existing national monitoring varies in the ability to assess the spatial extent of acidification and the recovery responses of acidified sites. The monitoring requirements under the European Union's National Emission Ceilings Directive are expected to reverse the recent decline in the number of monitoring sites observed in some countries. The information reported under the WFD is currently of limited value in assessing the extent of acidification of surface waters in Europe. Chemical recovery in response to reductions in acid deposition can be slow, and biological recovery can lag severely behind. Despite large and effective efforts across Europe and North America to reduce surface water acidification, air pollution still constitutes a threat to freshwater ecosystems. ; Norwegian Environment Agency (Miljødirektoratet) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) ; publishedVersion